body structure earthworm

seta has cells that function as cell follicles located at the exterior of the body. Seta can be lengthened and shortened. Seta functions such as muscle protractors and retractors. Seta usually used for grasping and holding the substrate. The main function seta as body locomotion.

The species of the order olighochaeta have seta in various forms, is shaped like a needle and hair. Variation form seta seta body is affected by the location of the earthworm. Usually the genus Lumbricus seta sigmoid shape, and has a length of about 1 mm. Seta on genital organs (klitelum) can reach 7 mm.

Physiologically seta help copulation, receive physical stimulus partner. Seta also help earthworms when copulation by grasping, holding, and penetrate the skin.

Seta arranged in a single ring encircling its body segments. Based on the number and distribution, form seta divided into two lumbricine and perichaetine.
Lumbricine

Seta Lumbricine have amounted to 8 per segment, seta is on the ventral and latero ventral.

Based on the distance, seta lumbricine divided into 3 antaralain:

a. Closely paired, b. Widely paired, and c. distant.

The distance between each pair of the two pairs seta seta and constant each species.

Seta symbolized by the letters a, b, c, and d. The distance between the seta is important to note in identifying the systemic character of earthworms, and usually exemplified in the form of multiplication.

Examples:

seta ratio in the area klitelum Lumbricus terrestris

aa: ab: bc: cd: ss = 16: 4: 14: 3: 64, the distance is exemplified in the form of multiplication aa = 4 ab or ab <bc> cd.

The distance between the two dorsal seta on the other hand is always compared with the circumference of the body of earthworm (μ) was dd = ½ μ
Perichaetine

Seta Perichaetine characterized arranged in a ring that rotates in the right segment, usually varying in size from large and small. Seta is in the area of ​​mid-dorsal and ventral mid. Seta amounted to 8 pairs per segment, usually the amount of 50-100 pairs / segments.

Seta perichaetine arrangement found in many species, especially Megascolecidae Megascolex, Perionyx, and Pheretima.

Seta deployment there is a middle of lumbricine and Perichaetine, structure 12, 16, 20, or 24 seta / segment or 6, 8, 10, or 12 pairs seta / segments, with the arrangement lumbrisine anteriorly and posteriorly perichaetine.

-Part Body parts Earthworm

1. Seta

Earthworms have a helper tool that is seta. Seta is anchored more firmly in place so that the worms move.

Examples:

When an earthworm withdrawn from the hole, his body will not break. This is due to the strong adhesion seta.

2. klitelum

In the anterior body earthworms are klitelum. Klitelum useful in mating and breeding.

3. prostomium

    At the end of the anterior or front part of the body earthworms are equipped mouth lip-like tool called prostomium.
    Prostomium looks weak, but in fact is very powerful because it can be used to penetrate the soil.

Earthworms body consists of segments and has a simple structure of organs, which makes earthworms can adapt well to the environment. Earthworms do not have tools such as foot and hand motion. However, the worm has muscles on his body. Elongated body muscles and muscles of the body are circular and thick, can help the movement. If observed this animal looks very weak, but not so "these animals are relatively strong, due to the arrangement of the circular and longitudinal muscle was worms can penetrate the soil".

The worms can push an object or a small stone that weighs 60 times more weight than his own body. "We can imagine how powerful, if a man weighing 50 kg can push an object that weighs 50 kg x 60 = 3000 kg / 3 ton". When the worm penetrates the soil, the land portion will be pushed to the side. If the land can not be driven, the soil will eat and be sprayed out through the mouth or issued together feces through the anus.

Earthworms eat organic material from plant litter / litter. In the small intestine, the waste is broken down into materials useful to the body. The rest is issued in the form of dirt / castings. Casting is rich in nutrients that are needed by plants. This event can be called a mini composting plant.

Earthworm body surface is always slippery. Slippery worm body due to the presence of mucus. Mucus is produced by mucous glands contained in the epidermal layer of the skin. Mucus is produced to coat the entire surface of the body of the worm. With the mucus, the worm can be easily moved in rugged places (eg: in the leaves, twigs, plants fall). In addition mucus is also used to memperlicin channel or hole in the ground, in order to more freely moving worms.

Earthworms do not have a special organ to defend themselves from enemy attack. With earthworm mucus becomes very slippery, so that his enemies are difficult to catch. Indirectly, the mucus can be used as a tool to defend themselves against predators

level understanding of biodiversity

A. Definition of Biodiversity

Biodiversity is an expression of the various (variation) form, appearance, number, and nature are at various levels of living beings.

According to Law No. 5 In 1994, biodiversity is the diversity among living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine and aquatic ecosystems (aquatic) others, as well as complexes Ecology which is part of its diversity, includes diversity within species, between species ecosystem. Based on the definition of the law, biodiversity consists of three levels, namely the diversity of genes, species diversity and ecosystem diversity.

B. Level Biodiversity

1. Level of Genetic Diversity (genes)

Genes are hereditary heredity factors contained in the chromosomes. Each gene arrangement will give the appearance (phenotype), both anatomy and physiology in every organism.

Differences in genetic make-up would lead to differences in the appearance of either the nature or overall. Such differences will produce variations in a species. This is due to the diversity of the gene or genes in every organism structure.

This level of diversity can be shown by the variation in the types (species).

for example:

    variations in the type of oil: coconut ivory, green coconut, coconut kopyor
    variations in the types of rice: IR, PB, Rojolele, Sedani, Barito, Delangu, Brits, etc.
    variations in the type of dog: bulldog, Doberman, Collie, German Shepherd, mongrel, and so on
    variations in the types of roses: Rosa gallica, Rosa damascene, Rosa canina
    Ascolicum Allium (onion), Allium sativum (garlic), Allium fistulosum (Locang)

Which causes variations in the types (phenotypes) is a factor genes (genotype) and environmental factors (environment), so it can be written the following formula:

F = G + L

    F = phenotype (trait appears)
    G = genotif (the nature of which is not visible - in the genes)
    L = the environment.

If genotype changed for any reason (eg mutations) or environmental change, there will be a change in phenotype.

2. Diversity Species Level (Type)
Two living creatures able to mate and produce fertile offspring (able to mate and produce offspring), the second living creature is a single species.
Biodiversity levels indicate the type of diversity or variation that is found in various types or species of living things in the same genus or the same familia. At various species are there differences nature.

Example: family Fellidae: cat, tiger, lion family Palmae: coconut, palm, palm, palm, palm family Papilionaceae: peanuts, beans, beans, peas familia graminae: sedges, rice, corn genus Ipomoea: sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) and kangkungan (Ipomoea crassicaulis) genus Ficus: banyan tree (Ficus benjamina) and Preh tree (Ficus Ribes)

3. Diversity Ecosystem Level

Ecosystem means a unity formed by the interrelationships between living organisms (biotic component) and the environment (abiotic components). Each ecosystem has the characteristics of the physical environment, chemical environment, the type of vegetation / plants, and specific types of animals. Environmental conditions of living beings is very diverse. The diverse environmental conditions cause species would occupy diverse anyway. Such diversity is referred to as the diversity of the ecosystem level.

Abiotic factors affecting biotic factors among which are climate, soil, water, air, temperature, wind, humidity, light, mineral, and acidity. Variation of abiotic factors cause different conditions in each ecosystem. To determine the biological diversity at the ecosystem level, it can be seen from the unit or the level of organization of life in these places ..

Broadly speaking, there are two major ecosystems, the terrestrial ecosystems (terrestrial ecosystems) and aquatic ecosystems (aquatic ecosystems). Terrestrial ecosystem is divided into several biomes, including desert biome, the biome grasslands, savanna biome, deciduous forest biome, tropical rain forest biome, the biome taiga, and tundra biomes.

Biome is defined as a union between a dominant climate and vegetation and animals that live in the dominant climate. It could also mean a vast land that has the characteristics of biotic and abiotic components.

The aquatic ecosystems can be divided into freshwater ecosystems, marine ecosystems, coastal ecosystems, mangrove ecosystems, and coral reef ecosystems. Discussion of the ecosystem you can learn more clearly in Chapter Ecosystem.

Diversity of ecosystems formed from the diversity of genes and species, so it can be described a following order:

Gen -> diversity of genes -> biodiversity -> ecosystem diversity

  For example:

Some species of Palmae (coconut, palm, and palm interact with different abiotic environment forming different ecosystems of the three species. Oil on coastal ecosystems, palm savanna ecosystem, and palm in the wet forest ecosystems

9 phyla that exist in the kingdom animalia and an explanation of the phylum of chordates

The following will be explained about some of the phyla of the kingdom Animalia both invertebrate and vertebrate groups. Phyla are Porifera, Cnidaria, Plathyhelminthes, nematodes, annelids, molluscs, Echinodermata, arthropods and chordates. You interested? Consider the following explanation.

1. Phylum Porifera
Sponge hardly recognizable as animals. Phylum Porifera also called sponge animals. Sponge is a simplest multicellular animals, they do not have a head or other body members like animals. Therefore, many are mistakenly identified as a plant sea sponges. More ...

2. Phylum Cnidaria
Phylum Cnidaria is a collection of interesting animals that exist in the waters. Jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals are gracefully is an example of living creatures that belong to the group of this phylum. More ...

3. Phylum Platyhelminthes
Members of the phylum Platyhelminthes not have the body cavity and consists of three layers of the body (triploblastik). Oxygen diffuses through the skin directly. Likewise, carbon dioxide diffuses from the body directly into the environment. More ...

4. Phylum Nematode
Nematodes are not segmented worms cylindrical, having a body cavity triploblastik (pseudocoelom), and free-living and parasitic. Nematode worms also called roundworm. Can be found in the waters, wet soil, plant tissues, and tissues of animals or humans. Having a perfect digestive system and body fluids in the coelom which serves as the circulatory system. More ...

5. Phylum Annelida
The two main characteristics in annelid phylum is to have a true body cavity and segmented body. Each of these segments called somites. The structure of the somites-somites in worms called metameri. Annelids have a closed circulatory equipped blood vessels. The nervous system consists of the brain and nerve cord called neural system rope ladder. Annelids are divided into three classes, namely Polychaeta, Oligochaeta and Hirudinea. More ...

6. Phylum Mollusca
Molluscs is a group of soft-bodied animals. Molluscs comes from the Latin meaning molluscus software. More ...

7. Phylum Echinodermata
All Echinoderms live in the sea. There are more than 5,000 species in this phylum, such as starfish, sea urchin and sea cucumber. Echinoderms like molluscs, have coelom and the digestive system is complete. More ...

8. Phylum Arthropods
Phylum arthropods are the most rich in the species. The number of species estimated at 75% of the animals in the world. Spread his place of land, freshwater and seawater. Arthropod phylum members jointed body and have exoskeletons. His body was coated by epikutikula consisting of chitin results hypodermic secretion. Body and legs are divided into segments. Skin changes occur within a specific time interval. Located in the ventral nervous system. Open blood circulation and the heart is located in the dorsal. More ...

9. Phylum Chordata
Chordates covering about 45,000 species of animals that live in almost any kind of environment. There are three things that distinguish phylum Chordata the other phyla, namely in terms of perkembanganny

Chordates covering about 45,000 species of animals that live in almost any kind of environment. There are three things that distinguish phylum Chordata the other phyla, namely in terms of development.

    Notochord, which is a supporter in the dorsal stalk precisely under the nervous system. Notochord serves as a support. On vertebrate animals all embryos have a notochord.
    Nerve cord (nerve cord), which is a hollow nerve at the top of the notochord.
    Pharyngeal gill pouches (pharyngeal gill pouches).

Chordates can be divided into two groups, namely Chordata invertebrates (Chordata Vertebrates) and Chordata invertebrates (invertebrate chordates). Chordates are vertebrates, ie vertebrates. As Chordata invertebrates, among others, Urochordata and Cephalochordata. Examples Urochordata species is Halocynthya, while Cephalochordata example is Branchiostoma.

In this section, only will be discussed on Chordata Vertebrates. Vertebrate animals (vertebrates) is the largest group in the Chordata, which is divided into five classes, Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia.

a. Class Pisces
Based on the type of bone that build the framework of his body, Pisces (fishes) are grouped into two groups, namely cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes) and bony fishes true (Osteichthyes).

1). Cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes)

Chondrichtyes class has approximately 850 species of fish. They have jaws, many teeth, fins are paired, and the order in which are made of cartilage. Grade fish is considered a living fossil because it is a descendant of ancient animals that have inhabited the sea since hundreds of millions of years ago.

Fish Chondrichthyes have five to seven gill slits on either side of the pharynx and do not have gill cover as is commonly found in the genuine bony fish. Some types of cartilaginous fish that are still to be found are sharks, stingrays, fish and lamprey.

2). True bony fish (Osteichthyes)

True bony fish have a framework that consists of hard bone. There are about 20,000 kinds of true bony fish that can be found both at sea and in fresh water. Osteichthyes can be divided into two groups, namely sarcopterygii and Actinopterygii. The most abundant species of fish are fish Osteichythyes class Actinopterygii. Some fish Actinopterygii suspected nothing to do with ancestors Amphibia. Examples of invertebrate species of true among others, catfish (Ameiurus melas), eel (Anguilla sp), and carp (Cyprinus Caprio). Consider the following picture.

2. Class Amphibia

This class includes 4,000 species of animals that undergo stages of larvae in the water and after adult living on the mainland. Therefore, called Amphibian. Amphibians usually have to go back into the water when it will mate and lay eggs. Amphibians Most adults have moist skin that helps his lungs are small and inefficient in gas exchange.

Amphibious term means having two realms, namely on water and land. Amphibians issued their eggs into the water when performing external fertilization or conception, as happened to the fish. Typically, amphibian eggs are not protected by a shell, but it is protected by a mucus. Larvae generally experience changes shape when it develops into the adult form that lives on land.

Amphibians, like the fish, is poikilotherm animals. That is, the temperature of the body can adapt to its environment. If the ambient temperature is too low, animals poikilotherm become less active. Examples Amphibian species include toads (Bufo marmus), green frog (Rana pipiens), and salamanders (Axolot). Consider the following picture.

C.class Reptilia
Reptiles comes from the Latin, which means snake reptile. Reptiles generally poikilotherm. Reptiles also known as reptiles. Slithers a walk way by attaching the stomach to the ground. Reptilia consists of approximately 6,000 species of animals, including snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles. Reptiles lay eggs which are protected by a thick skin and internal membranes. Reptiles internal fertilization.
Like Amphibia, Reptilia also an animal which absorbs heat from the outside environment. Therefore, you may often see lizards sunning. Examples of reptiles, among others python (Python reticulatus), dragons (Varanus) and lizards (Lacerta agilis).

d. class Aves
Class Aves (birds) consists of about 9,000 species. The whole body of the bird is covered by feathers, except for the feet and beak. Feathers and bird's beak made of keratin. Birds do not have teeth to chew their food, but it has cached.

Birds have wings that can help him fly. However, there are some birds that can not fly, for example, cassowary and ostriches. Can you mention other examples? Birds are the animals that their body temperature stays (homoioterm). Birds breathe with lungs. In addition, the birds breathing is assisted by the coffers of the air when flying.

Bird fertilization in the female body. Once fertilization occurs, the birds will lay eggs and will incubate until hatched. Examples of species of class Aves, among others, chicken (Gallus domestica), pigeons (Columba fasciata), a sparrow (Passer Montanus), and swan (Cygnus sp.).

e. Class Mammalia
Mammalian derived from the Latin, meaning that breast milk glands. Mammalia class consists of about 5,000 species are grouped into 26 orders. The general characteristics of the Mammalia are:

    hair;
    has three bones in the middle ear;
    have mammary glands.

Mammals have a larger brain volume compared with other Vertebrate animals. Mammalia body temperature remains or not influenced by the outside environment temperature (homoioterm). Respirator mammal is lung. Mammals also have high adaptability.
Mammals adaptation of which is as follows.

    Mammals developed several ways of adaptation behavior that helped successfully survive.
    Mammalia dental work cutting, tearing and chewing. In addition, the teeth have email thick that protects the teeth.
    Mammals have the ability to move quickly.
    Larger brain size compared with almost all other animals.
    Mammals have control of efficient control of body temperature compared with the group of birds.
    Have a functioning hair as insulation or heat insulation.
    Milk glands provide milk for young animals.

Mammalia grouped by various criteria. Examples grouping based on food (eg carnivores) and based on the shape of the teeth (for example, rodentia).

Mammals have a lot of orders. Here are a few orders on the mammal as follows.

    Monotremes (Mammalia beaked), for example Platypus (Ornitherynchus anatinus).
    Carnivores (meat-eating mammal), for example, cats (Felis domestica).
    Rodentia (Mammalia rodents), for example, mice mice (Mus musculus).
    Cetacea (Mammalia water), for example the pope (Balanoptera borealis).
    Chiroptera (Mammalia besayap), for example, bats (Myotes sp.).
    Marsupials (pouched mammal), for example kangaroo (Macropus sp.).
    Probosoidea (Mammalia berprobosis), for example, elephant (Elephas maximus).
    Primates, for example bekantan (Nasalis larvatus).