level understanding of biodiversity

A. Definition of Biodiversity

Biodiversity is an expression of the various (variation) form, appearance, number, and nature are at various levels of living beings.

According to Law No. 5 In 1994, biodiversity is the diversity among living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine and aquatic ecosystems (aquatic) others, as well as complexes Ecology which is part of its diversity, includes diversity within species, between species ecosystem. Based on the definition of the law, biodiversity consists of three levels, namely the diversity of genes, species diversity and ecosystem diversity.

B. Level Biodiversity

1. Level of Genetic Diversity (genes)

Genes are hereditary heredity factors contained in the chromosomes. Each gene arrangement will give the appearance (phenotype), both anatomy and physiology in every organism.

Differences in genetic make-up would lead to differences in the appearance of either the nature or overall. Such differences will produce variations in a species. This is due to the diversity of the gene or genes in every organism structure.

This level of diversity can be shown by the variation in the types (species).

for example:

    variations in the type of oil: coconut ivory, green coconut, coconut kopyor
    variations in the types of rice: IR, PB, Rojolele, Sedani, Barito, Delangu, Brits, etc.
    variations in the type of dog: bulldog, Doberman, Collie, German Shepherd, mongrel, and so on
    variations in the types of roses: Rosa gallica, Rosa damascene, Rosa canina
    Ascolicum Allium (onion), Allium sativum (garlic), Allium fistulosum (Locang)

Which causes variations in the types (phenotypes) is a factor genes (genotype) and environmental factors (environment), so it can be written the following formula:

F = G + L

    F = phenotype (trait appears)
    G = genotif (the nature of which is not visible - in the genes)
    L = the environment.

If genotype changed for any reason (eg mutations) or environmental change, there will be a change in phenotype.

2. Diversity Species Level (Type)
Two living creatures able to mate and produce fertile offspring (able to mate and produce offspring), the second living creature is a single species.
Biodiversity levels indicate the type of diversity or variation that is found in various types or species of living things in the same genus or the same familia. At various species are there differences nature.

Example: family Fellidae: cat, tiger, lion family Palmae: coconut, palm, palm, palm, palm family Papilionaceae: peanuts, beans, beans, peas familia graminae: sedges, rice, corn genus Ipomoea: sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) and kangkungan (Ipomoea crassicaulis) genus Ficus: banyan tree (Ficus benjamina) and Preh tree (Ficus Ribes)

3. Diversity Ecosystem Level

Ecosystem means a unity formed by the interrelationships between living organisms (biotic component) and the environment (abiotic components). Each ecosystem has the characteristics of the physical environment, chemical environment, the type of vegetation / plants, and specific types of animals. Environmental conditions of living beings is very diverse. The diverse environmental conditions cause species would occupy diverse anyway. Such diversity is referred to as the diversity of the ecosystem level.

Abiotic factors affecting biotic factors among which are climate, soil, water, air, temperature, wind, humidity, light, mineral, and acidity. Variation of abiotic factors cause different conditions in each ecosystem. To determine the biological diversity at the ecosystem level, it can be seen from the unit or the level of organization of life in these places ..

Broadly speaking, there are two major ecosystems, the terrestrial ecosystems (terrestrial ecosystems) and aquatic ecosystems (aquatic ecosystems). Terrestrial ecosystem is divided into several biomes, including desert biome, the biome grasslands, savanna biome, deciduous forest biome, tropical rain forest biome, the biome taiga, and tundra biomes.

Biome is defined as a union between a dominant climate and vegetation and animals that live in the dominant climate. It could also mean a vast land that has the characteristics of biotic and abiotic components.

The aquatic ecosystems can be divided into freshwater ecosystems, marine ecosystems, coastal ecosystems, mangrove ecosystems, and coral reef ecosystems. Discussion of the ecosystem you can learn more clearly in Chapter Ecosystem.

Diversity of ecosystems formed from the diversity of genes and species, so it can be described a following order:

Gen -> diversity of genes -> biodiversity -> ecosystem diversity

  For example:

Some species of Palmae (coconut, palm, and palm interact with different abiotic environment forming different ecosystems of the three species. Oil on coastal ecosystems, palm savanna ecosystem, and palm in the wet forest ecosystems